Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) #

• Acronym: GLP-1
• Amino Acid Sequence: GLP-1 exists in two major forms, GLP-1(7-36)NH2 and GLP-1(7-37). The sequence for GLP-1(7-36)NH2 is: His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH2
• Primary Functions and Actions:
  • Stimulates insulin secretion.
  • Inhibits glucagon secretion.
  • Slows gastric emptying.
  • Promotes satiety.
• Mechanism of Action:
  • GLP-1 is an incretin hormone released from the intestinal L-cells in response to nutrient ingestion.
  • It binds to the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) on pancreatic beta cells, stimulating insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner.
  • It also suppresses glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells.
  • GLP-1 slows gastric emptying by reducing gastric motility.
  • In the brain, GLP-1 promotes satiety and reduces appetite.
• Systems Activated:
  • Endocrine System: Primarily affects insulin and glucagon secretion.
  • Digestive System: Slows gastric emptying and promotes satiety.
  • Nervous System: Influences appetite and food intake.
• Dosage and Timing:
  • GLP-1 itself is rapidly degraded by the enzyme DPP-4. Therefore, GLP-1 receptor agonists (drugs that mimic GLP-1) are used therapeutically.
  • Dosages and timing vary depending on the specific GLP-1 receptor agonist prescribed (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide).
  • Administered via subcutaneous injection or oral formulations.
  • Timing depends on the specific medication and doctor’s instructions.
• Contraindications and Side Effects:
  • Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
  • Rare but serious side effects include pancreatitis and gallbladder disease.
  • Contraindicated in individuals with a history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2).
• Potential Uses:
  • Type 2 diabetes management
  • Weight loss

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Article Summaries: #

PMID: 12644568 #

This article examines the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as a significant link between the gut and the brain. The review highlighted how GLP-1 not only affects insulin secretion but also plays a crucial role in regulating appetite and food intake.

The findings suggested that GLP-1 has a dual role: it enhances insulin sensitivity while also acting as a satiety signal to the brain, which helps regulate hunger. These interactions underscore the importance of GLP-1 in metabolic health and its potential impact on managing conditions like obesity and diabetes.

In conclusion, GLP-1 emerges as a key hormone connecting gastrointestinal signals to brain functions, which could be leveraged in therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders. Its significant effects on both glucose metabolism and appetite regulation highlight its therapeutic potential.

PMID: 19684189 #

This study focused on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and their effects on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim was to explore how these agonists function in enhancing glucose control and their broader implications for patient health.

The results showed that GLP-1 RAs are effective in improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, and exhibiting cardiovascular benefits. These findings indicate that GLP-1 RAs not only help manage blood sugar levels but also contribute positively to overall patient health.

In conclusion, the introduction of GLP-1 receptor agonists represents a significant advancement in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Their multifaceted benefits make them valuable options for managing diabetes and improving related health outcomes.

PMID: 29608138 #

This article provides a comprehensive overview of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), discussing its pathophysiology, risk factors, and current treatment strategies. It aims to expand understanding of the condition and highlight the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.

The review emphasized that T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and eventual beta-cell dysfunction, which leads to elevated blood sugar levels. Various treatment options, including lifestyle changes, medications, and the role of GLP-1 in managing diabetes, were discussed as vital components of effective management.

In conclusion, a thorough understanding of T2DM’s mechanisms and treatment options is essential for improving patient outcomes. The insights provided emphasize the need for ongoing research and innovation in therapeutic strategies to combat this widespread condition.

References: #

PMID: 12644568, PMID: 19684189, PMID: 29608138

• PMID: 12644568 – [Endocr Rev. 2003 Apr;24(2):139-52.] – Glucagon-like peptide-1: a link between gut and brain. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12644568/
• PMID: 19684189 – [Diabetes. 2009 Oct;58(10):2209-17.] – Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19684189/
• PMID: 29608138 – [Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Mar 22;4:18016.] – Type 2 diabetes mellitus. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29608138/